2nd Flattener

The second flattener started, in 1990, with the invention of the Internet. All the PC-Windows network revolution, was converted into an Internet-based platform. The application that made the second flattener possible was e-mail, and Internet browsing. E-mail was being supported by AOL, CompuServe, and MSN. Although e-mail played a big role in flattening the world, World Wide Web (WWW) flattened the world even more. Thanks to WWW, now people could retrieve documents from anywhere in the world. Although many scientists were making browsers for the public, the first major browser was created by small start-up company in Mountain View, California, which was called Netscape. Thanks to Netscape which started in 1995, the world started to change very quickly. In 1993 there were only about 50 web pages, but now there are more than imaginable. An example of Internet-browsing would be, typing an address like, www.msn.com, you would get a document in English, but when you type, es.msn.com, you get a document in Spanish. WWW made it possible for you to access any information, form anywhere, and this helped to make the world flat. If we didn't have WWW, it would have been very hard to do research like on UbD, or on the Conflict paper quickly, because it would take us a long time to do the research from the books.

Answers to Twenty Quiz Questions

Are conflict and exploitation inevitable? Or can we change the pattern of history?
No, because there are many things that can start a war. Even a mall thing, like a soccer game, can cause a war, which makes it impossible to predict war. We can change history, but only if we remember history and don’t repeat it.

Why is it in a tyrant’s best interest to create an "Afraid" population?
It is in a tyrant’s best interest to scare people, because scared people are easier to control, than people who are not scared.

What was the journey between Africa and the Americas called in the Triangle Trade?
The journey between Africa and the Americas is a Triangle trade, because first the Europeans brought raw manufactured goods, from Europe to Africa, which they traded the for slaves, who were then taken, by sea, to the Americas to harvest raw goods, and then the raw goods were taken back to Europe where people sold them. This is how the Triangle trade worked, and the path they go through, Europe to Africa to America, is triangular, so it is called a Triangle Trade.

If you had to give 3 CAUSES of the French Revolution, what would they be?
First of all Louis XVI was stupid, and spent a lot of money when his country had none. Secondly they had unfair taxation because the III estate, which mostly consisted the poor, had to pay more taxes than the I, which consisted the clergy, and the II, which mostly consisted the nobles, estates, this happened in the in the all estates assembly where, although the III estate is where the majority of people, they got one vote, the I, and the II estates, the rich estates, voted that the III estate, the poor estate, should pay all the taxes. Lastly the worst thing that King Louis XVI did was that, he threw out the, Jack Necker, the most important person in the III estate, which made everyone on the III estate angry, which lead to the revolution.

Name the longest lasting invention of the French Revolution that millions use every day?
The longest lasting invention of the French Revolution was the metric system.

What century are the following dates in:
1942 CE - 20th century CE1801 AD - 19th century AD11 BC - 1st century BC1599 CE - 16th century CE1997 AD - 20th century AD

What are the three ironies of WWI?
First Zar Nicolas, King George, and Kaizer Wilhelm, had the same grandmother. Secondly one person’s death caused millions of deaths. Thirdly the French made the same mistake thrice by not defending the area near Belgium, because Germany attacked them form the same area during WWI, and WWII.

How did Harriet Tubman fight slavery?
She ran the under ground railway to help slaves from the South escape to the North. She served as a spy for Union Army. She was never caught by bounty hunters, and she never lost a passenger. She was an abolitionist.

How do you write an in text citation for a book in MLA format?
You write the last name of the author, and you write the page number.

Why did the average French citizen dislike Marie Antoinette?
She spent so much money on jewels and other items, when France didn’t have money.

What part of this quarter have you liked the most? The Least?
This quarter I have liked discussions of WWI, and WWII the most, and I there are o assignment that I disliked, because all of the things we did had a purpose.

How did Harriet Beecher Stowe help fight slavery?
She begun a serial for the Washington anti-slavery weekly, the National Era, it was focused on public interest on the issue of slavery. She was familiar with slavery, the antislavery movement, and the Underground Railroad because Kentucky was a slave state, and that was where she lived.

What is Bastille Day?
That is the day that the citizens tore down the Bastille, which held prisoners and weapons.

How are Revolutions and Civil Wars different?
In Revolutions there is or there are radical changes, while in a Civil War there are no radical changes.

When do you use a ":" and a ";"?
You use “:” for a list of things, and you use “;” when combining two similar small sentences.

Define: Hypothesis, Thesis, Hyper thesis, Genocide, Homicide, and Regicide.
Hypothesis means less than thesis. Thesis means a statement proven by evidence. Hyper thesis means more than thesis. Genocide means killing groups. Homicide means killing a person. Regicide means killing kings.

List 3 ways to start an essay. List 3 ways to conclude an essay?
To start you can use an Anecdote, Quotation, or Background. You can conclude an essay with a Question, a strong statement, or Anecdote.

What was the major disagreement in the United States of America in the middle of the 19th century?
The middle of the 19th century (1800's) was during the civil war. The disagreement was between the USA and the CSA, over which states were to be a union or a slave state. The south felt that their way of life was threatened, and this lead to war.

Detail the chain reaction that starts with the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand?
After the killing of Franz Ferdinand, the country of Austria-Hungary tries to conduct an investigation in Serbia. Serbia says that it hasn’t done anything, so asks Russia to help them, which causes Austria-Hungary to ask Germany for help. France automatically involved in the war because it was an ally with Russia. England is also in the war because it was anally with France. Then after France joins, because of previous tension, Germany attacks France through Belgium. The war keeps on going, until 1917, when there is a revolution in Russia. IN the Revolution Zar Nicolas is overthrown and there is a communist government that replaces him. After the revolution, Russia withdraws its forces from the war. Also in 1917, the Unites States is involved in the war. They bring supplies to the British, but the Germans blow their ships up. Thanks to a fresh power, the U.S., the Germans lost the war in 1918. Then the treaty of Versaille was signed, and the treaty took away Germany’s powers, and limited it to do things, like only a 1000 people could be in their army, etc…

What advantages did the USA have that enabled them to defeat the CSA?
The USA had more people, and they had more factories, and they had more railroads.

Quiz Question

1. Are conflict and exploitation inevitable? Or can we change the pattern of history?

Burundi Civil War

The war in Burundi, which lasted from 1993 to 1999, is recorded as one of the bloodiest civil wars in the modern history. The war in Burundi was civil war because as explained by James D. Fearon, PhD, Professor of Political Science; CISAC Affiliated Faculty Member of the Stanford University “Civil war refers to a violent conflict between organized groups within a country that are fighting over control of the government, one side's separatist goals, or some divisive government policy” (Fearon, James D. "Civil War."). The war was between two local forces who wanted to control the country. The war was between the Tutsis and the Hutus, which are the two main ethnic inhabitants of Burundi. This war started because both of the local forces tried to control and rule Burundi. Both the Hutus and the Tutsis did not want to bring radical change in the government, but just wanted to grab the power.

The war was between the Tutsis and the Hutus, which are the two main ethnic inhabitants of Burundi. Tutsis lived in harmony in Central Africa During the colonial era. The two groups lived as one, speaking the same language, intermarrying, and obeying a nearly godlike Tutsi king. (“Crises in Central Africa." Hutu-Tutsi Fighting Prompts Refugee). Although once peacefully co-existing, between the two ethnic groups of Burundi some tension had remained due to the power vacuum left behind by Belgium - when it declared Burundi as an independent country in 1962. The monarchy was dissolved and Belgian troops withdrawn. Although a minority, Burundi was then controlled by Tutsi, who disliked the majority, the Hutu. This struggle slowly built up into mutual hatred and dislike amongst Hutus and Tutsis. This was a fundamental seed to the civil war. (“Crises in Central Africa." Hutu-Tutsi Fighting Prompts Refugee)

This war started because both of the local forces tried to control and rule Burundi. The minor ethnic tension escalated into a full-scale civil war, after the election in 1993. A Hutu, Melchior Ndadaye was elected as the president in this election. President Ndadaye was the first person from the Hutu tribe to become the President. ("Burundi Civil War." Military) Although Hutu tribe forms the majority of the people, the government in Burundi had always remained dominated by the Tutsis. In October of 1993, President Ndadaye was killed in a coup d'état staged by Tutsi military officers. ("Democracy Glimpsed and Lost: AD 1993-1999." History of Burundi) Violence between the two local forces followed the coup, as the Hutus wanted to avenge the killing of Ndadaye. As a result the Tutsi military killed thousands of Hutus in an attempt to remain in power. The Tutsi ruler and the National Council for the Defense of Democracy or Forces for the Defense of Democracy (Conseil National Pour la Défense de la Démocratie and Forces pour la Défense de la Démocratie) were the principle power behind the bloody civil war. ("Burundi Civil War." Military)

The conflict provides evidence that the local forces didn’t want to bring any radical changes in the country. None of the two groups have shown any concern for human rights, or have established a rule of law or make effort toward reconciliation. (“Profile." Background Note: Burundi) The Hutus wanted power and so did the Tutsis, which controlled the government since its independence. When Hutus finally got their chance, it was ruined by the assassination of the elected Hutu president, Ndadaye. The Hutu were very angry at the Tutsis for killing their leader, do they wanted to take revenge. ("Democracy Glimpsed and Lost: AD 1993-1999." History of Burundi) The Tutsis were also hungry for power so they used their military against the Hutus. None of the groups have shown concerns for the ordinary people. ("Burundi Civil War." Military)

The war in Burundi has been said to be one of the bloodiest war in the modern history. Since October 1993 approximately 300,000 persons have been killed in ethnic violence. ("Burundi Civil War." Military) According to an international human rights organization, “The number of civilians killed during 1997 and 1998 were about 900 persons per month”. (International Human Right Watch. Civil war of Burundi) The war was fought between two ethnic groups of the same country, which once coexisted. There was no foreign aggression involved and the war and the war was simply fought to take control of the government.

Cites:

• Lemuchand, Rene. Burundi. New York: Woodrow Wilson International Center for scholars, 1995.

• "Burundi Civil War." Military. 2007. GlobalSecurity. 20 Feb. 2007 .

• "Democracy Glimpsed and Lost: AD 1993-1999." History of Burundi. History World. 22 Feb. 2007 .

• "Burundi: Country Overview." World Geography. 2007. ABC-CLIO. 25 Feb. 2007 .

• "Burundi." The World Fact book. 2007. CIA. 20 Feb. 2007 .

• Fearon, James D. "Civil War." Civil War Definition Transcends Politics. 2006. Freeman Spogli Institute for International Study. 23 Feb. 2007 http://fsi.stanford.edu/news/civil_war_definition_transcends_politics_20060410/

• “Crises in Central Africa." Hutu-Tutsi Fighting Prompts Refugee. 1996. CNN. 23 Feb. 2007 .

• “Profile." Background Note: Burundi. 2007. U.S. Department of States. 24 Feb. 2007 .

• International Human Right Watch. Civil war of Burundi. Burundi Bulletin. 2001.

The Forty Third War: Journal 8

This morning we were woken up early, because we were to switch with the soldiers who were patrolling. We heard Sergeant Diaz and Sergeant Juan were arguing about something. They were saying that the loyalists had figured out our location. We didn’t know how, but we thought it was because of the noise we made last night while firing the guns. Sergeant Diaz was worried and wanted our troop go back, but Sergeant Juan said that the troops would be here any time. After about thirty minutes there was a machine gun firing at us from the other side of the river. It went on for about two minutes and it stopped, and they fired after two minutes again. We were told not to shoot. We waited for some time, and when the loyalists appeared form the other side, we were told to kill them. Ten minutes later, the other troops arrived, and they started to run to the other side, we followed them. I wasn’t around my friends, but I wasn’t worried, because I am a good soldier. On the way to the city, we killed everyone on our way. So we started to search the city, because no one was there. We killed them all of the snipers. Then we went to the church located at the center of the city. A sniper shot Eduardo on his shoulder, so I pulled him in the church, where he was taken care of. Suddenly, a man shot everyone until he was killed. I was also shot on the shoulder. It was very painful, and then I fainted.

I woke up, with Roberto on my side. He said that Carlos was wounded grievously and he was taken to a hospital. I fell asleep again. I woke up when we were in another camp. Roberto told me that the captain had decided that all of the soldiers were to go to their villages. When the army needed soldiers, someone would be sent to get them. The revolutionary army was going underground to prepare for another battle.

The Forty Third War: Journal 7

Today, we were woken up early by the Sergeant’s whistle. He told us to meat at the HQ immediately. We were told that the city of Juticalpa was under control of the loyalists, and that some of us were going to the river to clear all of the loyalists we could find. We were then given our load of things to carry, and then Sergeant Juan told that Carlos, Roberto, and I along with some others were going to walk to the bank of the river to kill of the loyalists we could find. Immediately we started the hike. We walked for about six hours, and we reached there at about two o'clock. We set up a small camp, and another Sergeant named Diaz was also there, with other soldiers that I didn't know. Carlos and I were put on the right corner of our camp to patrol for anything that seemed harmful to us. We sat there for a couple of hours, when we heard a splashing sound. Then three boats appeared with men on it. Diaz told us to wait for his signal when to fire. Then he gave the signal. In a matter of seconds we killed all of them. All of them were dead. Two men had tried to swim to the shore when I shot one, and someone else shot the other. We were then told by the Sergeant to switch places and for the people who were on patrol to get some rest.

We were given some food to eat, and it was two pieces of bread with beans. We talked for some time, about how many men we had killed. We also talked about how it will be when all of the soldiers from the revolutionary army join forces to get Juticalpa. We hoped that they came, because that was what the Sergeant told us. Some time later we all slept.

The Forty Third War: Journal 6

Today, we woke up late. All of the other soldiers were asleep when I woke up. I hit Roberto and Carlos on their ribs to wake them up. After we woke up, we rolled up our blankets, and started to talk. We talked about the people we killed last night, and I had actually killed one man, and I couldn't believe it. Later that morning, we started to have wrestling competitions amongst ourselves, because the Sergeant or the captain hadn't ordered us to do anything. I was the first person to wrestle, with another guy named Eduardo. We fought for about five minutes, and then I threw him on the ground, and he gave up because I had a grapple locked on him. I thought that the training that the army had given us was useful, because If we didn't have a weapon, and we had to fight another bigger person, we could knock them down easily with all of the moves. Later that day, after lunch, captain told us that we were going to learn martial arts, so we could be better at fighting. We learned how to kick, punch and doge well. We also learned to jump high, and do stunts. Then we were taught how to fight using all of the things we had learned. We learned how to combine a stunt, and a kick, and how to fake an attack. After learning all of the new things we were all tired.

For the rest of the day we were told to practice all of the things we had learned. My friends and I had another competition using martial arts. I was good at it, I won a match against Carlos. At around six we were told to eat dinner which was meat, and some tortillas. It was wonderful. It had been a long time since I had meat. After finishing our dinner, we were told to go to sleep.